CLEP Social Sciences And History | Online Practice & Study Guides‎ - perfect grader

Aristotle

government ruled by middle class citizens (rich exploit poor)

Hobbes Leviathan

promoted totalitarianism

Locke Treatises

power in hands of people, only give up some power.

Rousseau

limited power of gov’t

subfields of political science

American government and politics, comparative government, international relations

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scientific method in political science

observational/evidential (characteristics_, observation laws (predictions based on what you see), theories (ideas that can be formed based on evidence)

constitution

how does national gov’t function

articles of confederation

weak and inffective constitution, unicameral legislature, couldn’t regulate trade, no court system, and amendments needed unanimous consent.

Shay’s Rebellion

farmers to rebel against government during critical period, a of c couldn’t maintain order.

constitutional convention

new constitution was created

Thomas Jefferson

protect life liberty and property

Magna Carta, Bill of Rights

affected limited government ideas of constitution

tenth amendment

powers not given to national government go to states. federalist ideal

elastic clause

implied powers to implement delegated powers such as judicial, war and peace powers

article 5

amendments allowed

speaker of the house

leader of house of representatives

presidential succession

president dies, vp dies, speaker of house takes office.

judicial review

power to determine constitutionality of a law or action of legislative and executive branches of government. started by Marbury vs. Madison

civil service act

reformed spoils system

federalist party

Hamilton, strong federal government- pro British

Jeffersonanian

against strong federal govermnet, strict constructionist.

due process

following appropriate legal proceedings

Bill of Rights

protections of Americans rights

fourteenth amendment

cannot deny civil liberties to people in the states (equal protection under the law)

first amendment

separation of church and state, freedom of press, speech, religion

fourth amendment

search warrant

fifth

double jeopardy

eighth

cruel and unusual punishment

Dred vs Sanford

sue for freedom in a new state, could not outlaw slavery, no black slave could be a citizen of the US

West Virginia vs. Barnette

compulsory saluting of the flag unconstitutional

Korematsu vs . united states

could imprison Japanese to protect during wartime, civil liberties restricted

Mapp vs. Ohio

cannot introduce illegally obtained material as evidence in a trial.

Gideon vs. Wainright

courts provide support to poor people in felony cases

Escobedo vs Illinois

able to get counsel prior to interrogation by police

Miranda vs. Arizona

due process rights before interrogated by police.

Tinker vs. Des Moines School District

black armbands a written protest protected by first amendment

Roe Vs. Wade

allowed abortion if child isn’t viable (able to survive outside womb)

Bakke vs Regents of California

universities quota system unconstitutional

Hazelwood School District vs. Kuhlmier

student publications not protected under rights to show their ideas might reflect ideas of people in the school

Morgantheau

realism on international stage. Interest defined as power.

Peace of Westphalia

led to nation state- took away popes power over Feudal Europe and led to geographic and political entities . Concluded 30 years war.

eighteenth century

golden age of diplomacy

late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

nation states grew. people wanted to unite ethnic groups

deterrent capabilities

creating nuclear arms so as to avoid war and keep peace.

multipolar system

more than two ideological philosophies worldwide (new world order)

Hugo Grotias

Father of International law

macroeconomics

economy as a whole-inflation, unemployment and economic growth.

microeconomics

parts of economy-households, business firms, and government agencies.

empirical analysis

compare predictions with actual performance of economy

positive economics

objective or scientific analysis of what is

normative economics

analysis of what should be

scarcity

humans needs and wants are never able to be satisfied due to economic reasons. Not enough to go around.

opportunity costs

most make choices to forgo other. ex. if you buy a tv you may have to cancel cell phone membership

individidualism

emphasizing individual’s actions

rational behavior

people act in ways to achieve goals and avoid activities that might detract from their goals

marginal analysis

people make choices by waying costs and benefits

specialization and division of labor

an efficient way for team of production to be given parts of a production plan. Certain people specialize in parts of labor. Way to maximize economic growth

goods and services

goods: foods, cars, clothing
services: education, health care, leisure

resources of production

land, labor, capital, entrepenuership, technology, and scarcity.

problems of scarcity

what goods and services to produce
how to produce the goods and services
how to distribute the goods and services produced.

allocative efficiency

producing the right goods people want.

technical efficiency

producing the greatest quantity of goods from available resources

equity`

distributes goods in a fair way

contributionary standard

entitled to share of goods based on contribution

needs standard

goods and services provided based on needs of households

equality standard

equal share of goods and services

production possibilities curve

two goods, fixed quantity of goods, used productively, more of one less of other and vice versa, plays into opportunity costs

demand

relationship between the price of a product and the amount customers are willing to buy . willing and able to buy more if product is cheaper.

supply

relationship between price and amount producers are willing to supply

intersection of supply and demand curves

equilibrium. when there’s a surplus producers must lower price

tradition systems

poor third world countries-custom determines production and distribution questions.

command system

central authority (dictator) makes economic decisions.

market system

no central authority, not based on customs. consumers make decisions based on needs, desires, and income. Motivated by profit concerns

capitalism

productive resources owned by private individuals

socialism

productive resources owned by society or by government

circular flow of income model

Most, if not all, people go to work daily to earn a living. The money that is earned is used to purchase goods and services from businesses such as food, clothes, rent, basic commodities, entertainment services, health and wellness products, etc. The income earned daily flows back to businesses continuously in a cycle known as the circular flow of income.

consumer sovereignty

consumers determine what’s produced. Meet consumers tastes or go out of business!

Achieving technical efficiency

struggle for profits equals cutting costs-self interest, not public.

competition

firms must lower costs to compete and produce items in high demand (goods people want)

Achieving re-employment

resources in surplus lower resources prices, leading to re-employment

achieving growth

firms want better products than others, leading to constant growth

market economy and equity

those with money determine patterns of production

role of prices in market economy

expensive prices in demand and scarce, low prices not and plentiful

market economy conditions for allocative (what people want) and technical (maximize resources) efficiency

1) people need adequate information, 2) competition, 3) no externalities (positive and negative effects on third parties) 4) no public goods

government spending

spending on goods and services (battle ship, space shuttle) versus transfer payments (welfare, unemployment compensation)

GDP

good and service produced in country’s borders (quarter or year). Also foreign firms producing in country, excludes US firms producing overseas

intermediate goods

example is tires sold to Ford-final sale is what counts, not tires in process

formula for GDP

consumer spending (70 percent of GDP)+ business investment+government spending+ net exports . Preferred measurement tools for economists

GNP

different from GDP because it includes income earned out of US by US firms and citizens, but reduces foreign firms and citizens in US

technology and productivity

land, capital, labor, and enterpreneurial ability-combined=productive economy.

US largest economy

has growing population, domestic/international capital, tech innovation, resources, and large national market

GDP per captial

GDP divided by people in country.

schools of economic thought

classical (Adam Smith: laissez faire: hands off government, 1700-1930s, combination of self interst, competiton, and supply and demand determines markets, markets correct themselves, labor specialization, SELF INTEREST, ideas led to balanced budgets) and keynesian (John Maynard Keynes, 1930s to 1980s, government needs to help in recession, aggregate demand, increase govt spending to raise GDP, fiscal policy (manipulate taxes and government spending and monetary (manipulate interst rates and money supply to help economy)., people act irrationally, coined term “animal spirits”, booms and busts occur due to peoples irrational decisions, paradox of thrift (when booming- spend too much, when busting-spend to little even thought government needs them to spend) Keynes theories lead to high unemployment/inflation (stagflation)

economic policies since 1980 s

supply side Arthur Laffer-Andrew Mellon similar policies US treatury, reducing taxes on business and wealthy-induce production of goods and services, create more jobs, Reaganomic stimulated the econmies, high budget deficits and national debt, increase in defense spending

business cycle

4 parts. Peak: high point, 2 Contraction declining business activity, trough is low point, expanison is growing busniess, not fixed times. There are seasonal fluctuations (ice cream in summer and toys in winter).

secular trends

growth but unsteady change in the long run

What is money?

exchanged for goods and services, has four functions: medium of exchange (no money=barter economy), unit of value (worth in dollars, not items), store of value (can be put away), standard of deferred payment (payments to be made in future)

liquidity

an asset turned into spendable form

US money supply

M1 currency (coins and paper $), demand deposits (checks in checking accounts in banks), checkable deposits (credit unions) and travelors checks M2 (savings accounts, CDs, money market mutual funds (investment accounts-not protected by government) eurodollars (checking accounts in other countries) M2 not medium of exchange

financial system

financial intermediaries (get many depositors and able to offer loans including banks, unions, loan institutions, etc) assets include reserves loans securities and propert and liabilities include demand deposits, savings, time and other deposits including net worth. Online professional tutoring made easier at www.perfectgrader.com. At www.perfectgrader.com, we offer essay help and writing services tailored to help college students in the United States, Uk, Singapore, Austraria, and many other countries across the globe. www.perfectgrader.com not only helps students through a virtual platform but also provide an array of services for you as the client to converse with your tutor in real-time. Our services include Math help, essay writing services, research paper help and so much more. When it comes to service provision, Acemy-homework.com is an unmatched website. Hire a tutor to get homework and assignment help instantly Register at www.perfectgrader.com today and begin an exciting journey in academic proficiency

reserves

money holdings used to be cashed. reserve holdings is relative to banks deposits.

required reserves

required reserve x deposits

federal reserve system

oversees stability of banking system and try to stimulate economic growth. Consists of 12 regional banks, subregional banks and commecial banks. Created in 1913, privately owned by member banks. 14 year term members appointed by president/congress. chair 4 years.

functions of fed

bank regulation (financially strong banks?)

Federal Deposit insurance

New Deal- guarantees bank deposits if bank fails

open market operations

buying bonds to increase reserves and extends abilitiy for credit and creation of money.

expanding economy

banks hold 50 million excess reserves to use as credit, lower interest rates and standards to attract people. when loans are made money supply expands,

contracting economy

sell bonds to open market. deficient in reserves. Make credit difficult to get. Interest goes up. money supply will fall

physical geograph

natural features of earths surface

population geography

population patterns, birth and death rates.

political geography

national boundaries and relations between states

city populations

san diego 1.3 mill
omaha 400 K
Baltimore: 600 K
Boston 667 K
new York 8.1 mill

Population Growth 1860-2017

every 10 years: up 7, up 12, up 12, up 14, up 16, up 14, up 17, up 9, up 16, up 27 (1960), up 24 (1970), up 23 (1980), up 22 (1990), up 34 (2000), up 26, up 18 (2017). Total growth is x 10.

middle atlantic states

NY WV DE MD NJ and PA industrialized

plains states

SD, ND, NE, KS, MN, IA, MI, WI, IL, MI, IN, OH agriculture of wheat, corn and oats , industrialized and have coal and iron deposits with skilled laborers

south

TX, OK, LA, AR, MI, AL, FL, GA, SC, NC TN, KY, VA, mild weather and good soil growing cotton, corn, tobacco peanuts and rice

Texas

second largest state, large physical regions, 24.3 million, varied

Pacific

Washington, Hawaii, Oregon and Cali, Cali largest population in USA. High in agriculture, OG and WA known for farming. Tourism a major industry

mountain states

MN, ID, WY, NV, UT, CO, AZ, NM Rocky Mountains sparsely populated

New England

MN MA NH Vt, RI, CT fishing,shipping, manufacturing, and dairy farming

Mexico

107 million Mexico City coffee cotton corn sugar cane and rice oil gold silver and gas, textiles steel tourism petrolium

Canada

32 million second largest territory in world. Ottawa

US population

10 times that of Canada

resources of US and Canada

US: coal, copper, gold nickel silver zinc

Canada nickel, gold lead silver zinc

South American population

Argentina 43 mill
Brazil 204 mill (biggest country)
Chile 18 mil
Venezuela 30 mill
Ecuador 16 mill

Central America

long coastline

South America

West Hem, Andes Mountains streth west coast while Amazon north central, also many plateaus, half pop brazil, interior sparsely populated, colombia venezuela guyana and french giana and surname carribean vibe, were planation slaves, immigrants from africa absorbed into culture, amerindian states of ecuador peru bolivia and paraguay, south argentina chile and uruguay strong european influence. Brazil influence of portugal not spain and afro influence, cultural pluralism, exist side by sde more than other places, substinence farming common among minority populations.

Europe

39 states 731 mill people, south europe more populous, transit corridors in east, continuous conflcit do to diverse popuations, balkanization when division and fragmentization occurs

Nordic Europe

poor natural resources, cold climate. Norway fourth richest coutnry in Europe

British Isles

protect it from attack, look outward for needs, was large empire.

west europe

hub of europe and economics

European economy

manufacturing, low level development in the east

location of europ

prime location, led to wide ranging colonial empires

North Africa

sahara desert separates from sub sahara, algeria egtpr librya morocco sudan atlas mountains across moroco, farming base of economy. Nile and valleys provide rich land, cereals rice cotton cedar and cork crops orlives gihs dates and fruits grown here, libya and algeria found oil in 20 centeryEgypt depends on technology.

Russia

largest country. mountains block moderating temps from Indian adn Pacific Oceans, lives west of ural mountains, population is heterogenous, many ethnic groups, multicultural, most of infrastructure lies in east, extensive industrial development, many minerals, fuels, coal reserves and petroleum, coal, Siberia’s resources hard to use as far away, does not export goods. Regions one part of russia look outside russia for help

South Asia

20 percent of world pop, seven states, bang, bhutan, india maldives nepal pakistan and sri lanka, instability, military conflicts,monsoons, monsoons grow jute, tea, rice and vegetables. half pop subsistence agriculture, poverty, poor health, India is heaviest populated place in world, 2,000 ethnic groups,invasions led to similar cultural practices

East Asia

taiwan north korea, south korea mongolia, china and japan, taiwan and nk not considered countries.

appearance of civilization

6000 and 3000 plow, wheel, wind, smelt copper, solar celdnars, cities created, writing started, 3000 bc marks beginning of civilization

Mesopotamia

sumer land of Ur. dikes and resvoirs conferderation of city stes cunieform, babylon made a captial, hammurabi created laws and social class determined crime. assyrians conquered syria palestine and mesopotamia. chaldeans conquered them and jerusalem. cyrus of persians defeated them, persians created road system and gave religion zoroastrianism

Egypt

old kingdom 2600 to 2200 pharaohs were like gods. cap moved to memphis, pyramids of after hyksos invasion new kingdom expanded and invaded palestine and syra enslaved jews, gindle god and closed temples, tutankhamen who followed started pantheism (tolerance of all gods) giza built in 2600 , post empire period was under control of assyrians and persians alexander the great and roman empire made papyrus, med advances, afterlife beliefs

Palestine and Hebrews

present day lebanon, colonies and carthage and spain. Hebrew came to Egypt in 1700 BCE and enslaved, fled Egypt with Moses in 1200 BCE and went to Palestine, Under David, Philistines defeated and capital mdae at Jerusalem, divided into israel 10 and judah 2 , lost tribes disappeared after Assyria conquered in 722. Jews returned in 529 BC. in 300 governed themselves, under romans, autonomy was restricted, jeews lost holy land in 132. Contributed monotheism.

Greece

Homer poems dramatized values. Hesiod works categorized life. Theogony recounted myths, 800-500 BCE Archaic period, city-states. oligrach controled, tyrants replaced them. democratic government replaced them in 500s. Sparta organized Peloponnesian league to fight Athens. Athens= Attica. Draco=strict law. Peisistratus= tyrant 527 bce. Cleisthenes, reform- democratic

5th century greec

persian war, athen delian league, pericles built athens parthenon and buildings, started war with Sparta. Pelopo: athens vs sparta. athen lost, sparta weakened. Alex the Great later conquered them. unified city states started hellenistic age. Revolution in philosphy through plato, aristotle and socrates. Plato’s Republic= ideal state represented. . Greek art individual Euripedes tragedian comedy aristophanes. Greek developed study of history

Hellenistic age and Macedonia

Semibarbaric, large territory, Philip 2 king in 359. conquered city stes athens fell. alex great son killed rivals made empire of syria and persia to india 70 cities and trade network

Rome

founded 753 BC. Etruscans conquered rome in sixth and seventh centuries. Romans kicked them out in sixth entury, made republic, hands of patricians, very powerful. passed to military leader for 80 years. Pompey and Julias powerful. Caesar convinced Pompey and Crassus to form First Triumvirate fought for leadership, civil war followed, caesar was assassinated after he become king. Octavian his nephew followed. Assembly had little power. Cicero opposed Caesar, Roman religion family centered. Octavian became Augustus and introduced coinage, tax collection fire and police protection and land in providences. Pax Romana: Roman Peace: Virgil wrote Aenead, about Rome’s rise. Silver age lasted 14-180 CE. Literature was negative. created civil law, law of people, and natural law. civil war broke after pasx. tax pop heavy attacked many times. COnstantine moved capital to Constantinople. Christianity led to decide. new religion spread in pax, constantine made it legal and national religion, hierarchy developed.

Byzantine Empire

Theodisis divided empire into east and west with his sons ruling. Rome was destroyed, Constantinople became leading city. A rebellion broke out there. Crusaders further weakened them. Finally taken Over by the ottomon empire

Islam in the Middle Ages

Mohammed went to Mecca. Five pillars. Koran has 114 Suras (verse), Mullahs occupy positons of authority, but no hierarchical system. Split between beleivers (Abu Bakr was caliph and was his father in law), Omayyah acaliphs governed after Bakr. They were Shiites, exposed to Hellenic culture, took control of Spain, France, India and parts of China

Feudalism in Japan

Kofun era when started. Nomads started , Heian period-nomadic warriors made themselves land owners and managers of estates. People defended shoen, warriors organized into groups called Bushidan. Warrior clans grew. Kamakura Shogunate started and survived 148 years. provincial governers (shugo) a go between of vassals. Ashikaga Shogunate full blown feudal system. Power returned to emperor during Tokugawa under Meiji Restoration when samarai class privileges were abolished. No longer isolated.

Chinese and Indian Empires

1500 BCE, India ruled by Indo-Aryans, religion god siva, reincarnation, yoga. Indos based on Pantheon of Gods, sacrifices, hymns Vedas, scriptures of Hiduism. Caste system. Feel under Mauryan Empire 3rd century. Asoka buddhist religion. ignored vedic gods and caste, simple life, flourished together Buddhism disappeared in 13th century.

Chinese Yellow River went South. Xia, Shang and Zhou, teachings of Confucius, good order of society. Taoists were different-identified with forces of nature, and did not deal with political affairs.

Sub-Saharan Kingdoms

Nok- Nigeria-peaceful farmers.
Ghana traded with Berber merchants, gave gold to merchants, Mali kingdom conquered them.
Mali huge kingdom on savanna near desrt, Timbuktu in 13th century a cultural place with mosques. Songhai Niger River, independent of Mali. Sunni Ali extended empire. Bantu people lived in chiefdoms, develop own versions of Bantu language.

American Civilizations

Mayans- 3 parts, religious centers deteriorated when Spanish came.

Olmecs high level civilization, built ceremonial calendar and pyramids for religious rites.

Aztecs- human sacrifice of chief god, centralized gov’t, king and big army, builders and engineers, astronomers mathematicians. Incas- Andes area children of sun, sun worshipped, fixed positions in life, people all powerful.

Anasazi- AZ and NM adobe architecture, irrigations etc. Hohokam, separate stone houses in desert southwest

Europe in Antiquity

occupied by Germanic tribes. 476 forced Augustulus to abducate ended power. Fraknish kingdom important staet. Charlemagne founded the Carolingian dynasty. Pope named him emperor of Holy Roman emperor. Manorialism developed during this time due to repeated attacks on the 3 kingdoms of Charlemagne’s sons. self-sufficiency, manor occupied several villages, decentralize political power, peasants bound to land, pope power grew

Holy Roman Empire

five centuries of decline, population doubled, serfs were freed during this time, called enfranchisement. Charlemagne’s grandson was emperor under treaty of Verdun, Franconian dynasty took over, 1214 Magna Carta limited English monarchy, check on royal party began (checks and balances). Muslims conquered Spain in 710. Spain prosperous. 20 muslim states created in 1031CE. Reconquista took control away from Muslims in 1234 (fall of Cordoba). Russia/East Europe not part of Roman Empire. Russia Orthodox, Mongols cut off Russia’s contact with the west for 100 years. Latin used, as weell as vernacular. Dante and Chaucer from this time period. polyphonic music introduced. Romanesque and Gothic Architecture flourished.

Renaissance, Reformation

Suffered Black Death, Italy renaissance started. Monarchs fighting, 100 years war between France and England. England lost continental possessions, Joan of Arc led French to victory. Nationalism grew, peasants taxed heavily. Literature grew, written in Vernacular now. After war, military threats low, Isabela and Ferdinand made Spain strong.

Black Death

brought from Asia. Fleas on rats. 25 to 40 percent of population killed. cities suffered more.

The Renaissance

secular literature grew. Dante Divine Comedy show reason and god must both be combined. Petrarch studied ancient Rome. Leo Davinci, Raphael- The School of Athens, Michelangelo- architecture, sculpture and painting (work called Mannerism), Machiavelli wrote the Prince (politics from expedience (hold power only by acting on self-interest).

reforms

anabaptist baptized again Menno simons early church

Calvin

church and state should be united

Henry VII

dissolve marriage of Catherine of Aragon, transubstanitation (celibacy), church later adopted Anglicanism.

Jesuits

leaders of Protestant reformation, seen as an attack on Roman empire a judgment by god

Wars on religons

Holy Roman empire divided between Gernidand and Philip II. England ruled by two queens. Catholic who killed many protestants, Elizabeth, rituals of catholicism doctrine of catholics. Calvanist stopped reunification of Catholicism in Europe.

England

escape church in England many moved to new world.

explorations and conquests

Portugal-Africa and india in search for gold
Spain-Christopher colombus, new route to india- sent gold and silver to Spain
Swedes, Dutch, English and French also did exploration

mercantilism

wealth measured by commodities, purchase little from enemies, colonies existed for benefit of mother country, great improvements in industry

Bourban France

unquestioned authority. Louix XIV. Peasants 95 percent of popultion. People wanted more power, less tax. Louis 14 wanted changes, granted toleration to French Huguenots (protestants), could not obtain fiscal reform or new laws. French Revolution began

England, Scotland, Ireland

limited or absolute monarchy?

Russia under Muscovites and Romanovs

Ivan the Great ended Mongol domination. Eastern Orthodox church. Ivan the terrible his grandson westernized russia. Opened trade. Michael Romanav became new leader czar for 30 years. Extended to Pacififc. Bible translated into Russian. Peter I helped Russia produce more iron than England. Developed very strong military. Catherine II followed, annexed Crimea and fought with Turkey.

Unification of Italy

mid nineteenth century

Scientific Revolution

no need to secularize science in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Age of Enlightenment (secular mindset). man’s intellect apart from God. Empiricists-inductive observation-the scientific method.

baroque and Rococo

granduaer, spaciousness, unity emotional impact, happened in many nations of different religions

influence of enlightenment

Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Baron de Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. progress met by environment, use reason to reform evils, material leads to moral improvement, inhuman practices removed, human liberty=ability to dictate what was good. impersonal god who didn’t interfere with human lives. political or social contract (locke and Rosseau), limited monarchy sharing power with nobility, start of laissez faire in France, knowledge a result of sensory experiences.

Causes of French revolution

clergy tax exempt, other bore economic burden, Frnech state poorer and relied more on people. election fever happened in France for first time. grain shortage and inflation at this time. reign of terror, campaign against counterrevolutionaries and internal enemies. abolished monarchy. Marie Antonionette and Louis XVI executed. property owners in control. Napolean Bonaparte in control of France from 1799-1804, gave him a large empire. French people viewed him as a tyrant, Napolean exiled Battle of Leipzig. Exiled again after trying to take back power in 1821.

Congress of Vienna

wanted to restore European unity after Napolean. Redraw map. Arrest any threat to peace= Quadruple alliance between Russia, Prussia, Austria and England. Controlled this by Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of Troppau, and Congress of Laibach and Congress of Verona

industrial reovulation

Arnold Toynbee named it this, machines replaced humans, gained momentum each decard, not on purpose, helped solidify mercantilism, inventions and technological advances, increase in population from 140 mill to 266 mill, political and social revolutions of various countries, middle class raised up. cotton and metallurgical industries, coal replaced wood, steam engine invented, factory system perfected, canal systems grew, use of steamboat by Robert Fulton grew and railway locomotive by George Stephenson, new fields open for new people no longer in agriculture due to machine production, union helped improve working conditions, wages, and hours first of skilled, then unkilled labor. urbanization began as a result pulling peple from towns.

impact on thought systems around world

romanticism (feelings, beauty and imagination most important topics in art and music), considered revolutionary, focused on idealism, reality based on ideas, not materialism, impersonal god, convervatism (support for restored monarchies, peasants, tradtional ruling classes, liberalism was freedom and well-being are reason we are alive, close to Enlightenment advocated for laissez-faire by Adam SMith, Wealth of Nations. nationalism arose from liberal thought.

socialism

distribution of wealth is equal, created by Karl Marx a German scholar, his ideas were 1)all human history has been determined by econmoic factors, class struggle between rich and poor, 3) value of a product is labor, worker received small value, stolen from capitalist, 4) problems with capitalism (unemployment, overproduction). class difference would be large and lower class would overthrow creating a classless society.

The Revolutionary Tradition

nations and people wanted to be included in society. discontent grew from increase in poulation and industrailsm and urbaniation. 1848 is the year of change. food shortages, financial crises, busniess failure, unemploiyment, wages diminished, poor living conditions, nationalism very strong. French revolution led to many other world revolutions.

Victorian Compromise

Queen Victoria succeeded king William, liberal reform of British government. alliance between middle class and aristorcracy from keeping working class from political power, abolished slvary 1833, factory act employemnet under age 9. Municipal reform gave control of cities to middle class. 1848 revolutions unsuccessful. Realpolitik or realistic and iron fisted politics and diplomacy followed (Otto Van Bismark)

Realpolitic and Triumph of Nationalism

Camillo de cacour Giuseeppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel realpolitik leaders, formation of italy-when one government deals straightforwardly with another government in order to meet goals

Bismark

advocate for Prussian based Germany. Defeated Denmark to give up territory under Treaty of Vienna. War over France and Germany brewing. Prussians beat French. Treaty of Frankfurt concluded the war France gave up territory. German Emprie began Jaunary 1871. Wilhelm emperor, Bismarck, Chancellor.

Crimean War

over groups of Christians over holy land. Palestine part of Turkish empire, gave enclaves to Roman Catholics with French. Orthodox already had rights, war between Turks and Russians transpired. Peace of Paris ruled in Turks favor and Russia had several punishments.

Congress of Berlin

The Congress of Berlin (13 June - 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of six great powers of the time (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany),[1] the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan peninsula following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano
German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who led the Congress, undertook to stabilise the Balkans, recognise the reduced power of the Ottoman Empire and balance the distinct interests of Britain, Russia and Austria-Hungary. At the same time, he tried to diminish Russian gains in the region and to prevent the rise of a Greater Bulgaria. As a result, Ottoman lands in Europe declined sharply, Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside the Ottoman Empire, Eastern Rumelia was restored to the Turks under a special administration and the region of Macedonia was returned outright to the Turks, who promised reform

Emergence of New Left

Marx ideas reigned after failed revolutions in 1848. Writings include Communist Manifesto, Critique of Political Economy, and Capital.

UK leaders: William Gladstone vs. Benjamin Disraeli

Gladstone: Irish home rule, fiscal responsibility, free trade, democratic principles, limit imperialism, opposed decentralization of British government. Disraeli: aggreesive foreign policy, expansion of empire, opposed democratic reforms

Imperial Russia

Kept Polish under control. Nicholas I died, Alexander II followed. Declared serfdom, people had movement and could change means of livelihodd, serfs could own proeprty. People tried assassinating czar, populists grew, wanted reforms. Wanted realism, as written about by Ivan Turgenev in Fathers and Sons. Populists orignally wanted agrarian utopian order, Three leaders held power oppositon grew strong. Russian social democrats and russian social revolutionaries were marxist vladimir lenin leader of bolshekis was part of social democrats, group submitted list of grievance to czar, but military killed them on Bloody Sunday. Made reforms consititutional democrats wanted even more reforms. Nicholas 2 recovered government until 1909 until the war.

New imperialism

external markets, foreign investment=high returns,raw materials needed, missionary practices, asserting power by controlling colonies, Africa was focus, focus on greatness of Africa south of the Sahara. British=suez canal, Zulu war, Boers regained it in victory of Majuba Hill. Belgium=Congo, France=Tunisia, French Equitorial Africa, Italy=east africa. Germany= Cameroons, Togoland, German South West Africac. Berlin Conference: Gongo=Belgium, 2)liberal use of Niger and Congo Rivers, 3) European Powers could acquire territory through occupation. Conlfict between Boers and British. Gold discovered. Boers restircted politcal and economics rights of British settlers, Boer war started, Britain won. Interest also in Pacific. Naval officer Alfred Thayer Mahan Influence of Sea Power Upon History, nations controlling seas previaled, Germany and US very active there, US took Philippines in 1898. Rivalry over China led to Russo Japanese War in 1904.

Bismarck Age

strong united German state, able to defend itself, monetary system unified. created laws to provide social security, regulate chld labor, and improve working conditions of Germans. Wanted to isolate France. Fought with Russia by putting an embargo on beef after famine. Bismarck dismissed by Wilhelm 2 the leader at the time for his policies.

Democracy in Western Europe

Britain democracy grew, Pariliament Act of 1911, House of Commons national power. Problem with Ireland who grew economically, Protestants against it.

Third French Republic

II collapsed by Prussian Armies. Napolean 3 captured, fled to England.Radical entity aParis Commune came into existance, extraordinary power, led by radical Marissts, repudiated conservatiove and monarchist leadership of narional assemly and get French glory. National assembly wanted to get in order, make consitutional government, remove troops from Frnech lands, Dreyfus affair, classified info given to Germans, a Jew blamed, led to anti-semitism, turned out he was innoced, catholics and monarchists willing to support claims against innocent man. French republic supported by citizens

tensions of Imperialism

Fashoda Crisis, Moroccan Crisis, Balkan Crisis, Agadir Crisis, Ottoman empire falling apart, Austria took land, Britain angered, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austro-Hungarian throne killed, Serbian and Austria went to war, Britain France and Russia at war to Germany and Austro-Hungary, other nations joined.

Origins of WWI

Modern Germany one problem, destroyed balance of power, Germany maintained this by Dreikaiserbund (league of three emperors), and dual and triple alliances, Triple Entente of England, France and Russia drew them closer, arms race between Germany and England. Colonies in Africa and Asia another proble. Nationalism strong. Unable Balkans, ethnic nationalism grew there from deterioration of Ottoman Empire, rivalry between Austria Hungary and Russia for spheres of Influence. Russia mobilized and Germans saw it as an act of war. Schlieffen plan a two front war on Russia and France. Russia would not mobilize, so Germany declared war. Other countries like Japan and USA joined.

1914

Germans entered Blegium, then France, Russia attacked them, Germany had to divide its resources. Battle of the Marne, created a battlefront determining demarcation of western front. Textile center Lodz in German hands

1915

Western Front: Italy joined Allies signing secret treaty of London, gave them Austrian providences and Turkish territory. Eastern Front: Russian Poland was in German hands.

1916

Battle of Verdun Germans and French, French lost 300,000 lives but defended their position. In 1914 Germany lost domination of seas. Germany sunk British vessel called Lusitania.

German u-Boats

German u-boats very effective. protect coast. Began using air raids on both sides (machine guns shooting out of plans at the enemy). Began secretly using illegal chemical warfare against each other.

Russian Revolution 1917

riots of citizens from the war. Romanav dynasty ended after Duma encouraged czar to abdicate the throne due to civil unrest. Lenin and Trotsky enocraged people to take the city transportation and community centers in Petrograd. Decrees made on peace bread and land, soviets left war signed treaty at Brest-Litovsk in 1918. US hoped only to supply naval and economic support but had to get fully involved. lost territory and 62 million people. Land lost to Austria Hungary and Germany. November 11, 1918 war ended.

Paris Peace Conference

determine peace agreements after war. italy france UK and us known as big four.

treaty of versailles

Germany took blame for war.
no u-boats, no modern weapons, army restricted
6.6 billion pounds in war reparations, Germany lost national territory, lost Chinese ports

treaties with germanies allies

Austria gave up territory to italy, and new states of Czech, Poland, and Yugoslavia.

Weimar Germany (1918-1919)

forced creation of German republic after war.
threats of revolution after temp government instituted.
Aug 11, 1919-new bicameral legislature began. war reps. handicapped government, inflation rampant, printed useless money made allies more sympathetic. six chancellors over 4 year period. 350 political murders due to discontent. New leader was war hero Paul von Hindenburg, chancellor was Hermann Muller

Mossolini

Feeding off war vets, nationalists pissed off, and fearful of communism, Mussolini got support. showed he alone could bring peace and prosperity. king of italy asked Mossolini to become Premier of Italy for fear there’d be an uprising. began arresting opponents, closing newspapers, and civil liberties taken away, death penalty for speaking out against king, greatly increased power

Italian Foreign Policy

wanted normalcy, did not get what it wanted a Paris Peace Conference, took over Corfu when Italian was killed settling a Greek-Albanian border dispute. Took over Fiume, Croatia on Adriatic

Soviet Russia

Trotsky put down a naval rebellion in 1921, Lenin died 1924. Stalin took over organizations, Poliiburo, Orgburo, Inspectorare Commissariat, Secretariat. Trotsy was chairman of Petrograd Soveit, brusque and overbearing. Soviet helps China found Chinese Communist party. Chiang Kai-shek mistrustful of the communists. Soviets wanted to coordinate revolutionary commuist ideas, organized by Stalin in 1928.

Dictatorship in Europe

25 percent of labor force unemployment in UK, 1.7 mill to 3 mill. Budget cuts and tax increases. Government fell in 1933.

National Government in UK

MacDonald Labor govt made coalition suggested by king George, abandoned gold standard and adopted tariffs on imports. unemployment dropped to 2 million. Stanley Baldwin followed him.

Frances troubles

radical groups arose. socialists wanted nationalization, radicalists wanted to reduce gov’t spending

Germany: The Depression

income dropped 20 percent, 43 percent of workforce without jobs. Adolf Hitler joined German workers party or NAZIs. had 25 point plan. Marched on Berlin and Munich to seize power. Dictated Mein Kampf to Rudolf Hess while in jail. after failing realized he needed to come to power in a more legit way. in 1932 only got 30 percent of vote. Ended up becoming chancellor. Dissolved the Reichtag (parliament). Civil and Press liberties as a move against communism. Brought all agencies under his control, took non aryans and nazi opponetns from civil service, court systems and higher education. illegal strikes, labor unions, and forced people to join German Lagor Front. Gestago created who operated concentration camps. Nazi started 1933. Nuremburg laws- outlawed Jewish citizenship, outlawed sexual and marital relationsh bt Jews/Germans. Quit league of Nations. Would not be bound by treaty of Versailles military restrictions, created army of 500,000

Italy’s depression

pope prisoner in Vatican. Italy rec vaican as an independent state, catholicism state religion, teaching it in schools. Created protestive bond with Austria and Hungary. Italy France and England met after Germany’s rearmament policy. Ethiopia area of interest. joined league of nations in 1923. Mussolini made military base there. Edopted economic sanctions when Italy invaded. Annexed country joining Somalia and Eritrea

Five year plan

from 1933-37, Soviet Russia leading industrial power, gave up quality for quanitity, social and econmic discord, NKYD secret police violent purge eradicated 70 percent of central committee. 8 to 9 million in camps/prisons, in 1934 joined league of nations. Allied against facism.

International developments (1918-35)

league was for international friendship peace, and security. Agreed to avoid war, maintain peaceful relations, and honor international law. Started in Geneva at Treaty of Versailles, 1919. suggested economic sanctions if member breaks rules.

Locarno Pact (1925)

guaranteed Germany’s west border and demilitarized zones. Went into play when joined league of nations in 1926. Gave support for Austria’s independence.

The Pact of Paris (Kellogg-Briand pact)

period of diplomatic friendship. 65 countries signed Kellogg-Briand Pact which renounced war as a means of solving international differences. No way to enforce it, therefore was useless

Japan

Kwantung army conquered Manchuria, Japan resigned from league in 1933 when English created a investigatory commission of their actions. .

World War II to Post Communist Era

Hitler reccupied Rhineland, France and Britain not willing to oppose moves. Spanish Civil War angered ppl bc land reform and legislation against catholic church, right wing general started military insurrection, Francisco Franco emerged as leader, became devastating civil war. Democracies (neutrality), Germany and Italy intervened, seen as a defeat for anti-fascists. When Central powers made an alliance. Rome-Berlin Axis. Annexed Austria. Demanded control of Czech defensive boundary by Germany. Seized Czech, Italy seized Albania. Surprise 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact of Friendship. German invasion of Poland 1939 began war. Russia promised to stay neutral in pact after receiving many new lands. Finland and Russia go to war, Finland must give up lands after losing near Leningrad. War began as germany attacked poland on east, sept 3 1939. France, Belgium and Netherlands all fell to Germans. Began exporting Jews to concentration camps and putting Jews to work in war factories. Nobody knew atrocities until after war in 1945 when Allies surveyed camps. Hilter tried to invade England operation sea lion. invasion of Russia began 1941. Russian efforts saved the capital. Japan and China started war in Beijing. US and Russia opposed expansion. attacked a peral harbor, japan gained naval bases in pcific led to US being in total war after Japan’s allies declared war on US. Germans attacked Russia by Caucaus and vital oil eilds, Germans were surrounded and stopped.

Lend-Lease

support militarily for Soviet union’s efforts in the WWII

Italian invasion

invaded British based Egypt. Germans sent support, US and UK managed to force them to surrender after pushing them to the border with Tunisia

Ally invention

shipped routes needed to Britain. new aircraft, vessesl, radar and sonar deterction, radio direction finding, deciphering German signals, etc, helped fight Germany and made Atlantic very dangerous.

1943

victory in Stalingrad, North Africa and Battle of Atlantic helped become turning point for allies in war. planned on freeing italy and sicily of german occupation. Italians invaded British Egypt Brits and US won.

leaders at time of WWII

Churchhill and Roosevelt

Casabalnca

a plan to invade Itlay and Sicily, annouced thatunconditional surrender of axis power requred, they could help rebuild countries taken by Germanss

Teheran Congerence

invade France with Stalin operating another offensive

Normandy invasion

largest operation in history-1,000,000 people, seized France, Allied armies now surrounding east and west of Germany.

Invason of poland

made allies question Soviet Unions motives

1944

Balkans outpost for Germans began collapsing. Red Army arrived Romania, King Michael withdrew alliance with Germany, Bulgaria changed sides too, Germans left Greece.

1945

Americans crossed Rhine. Attacked by troops on both sides, Hitler committed suicide. General Alfred Jodl surrendered. (Churchvill, Stalin and Roosevelt Big 3) Yalta conference. divide germany into zones of occupation, Berlin on Russia’s side divided into four zones

Potsdam declaration

caleld for Japanese surrender. August 1945 bomb dropped in Hiroshima, 70,000 lives lost. Radiation poisoning. Nagasaki bombed also, Hirohito remained emperor after surrender.

Europe After WWII

demilitarization of Germany…United Nations Organization began, regulate internaila relations and keep peace. Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland had to pay war reparations.

differences between parliament and congress

congress more personalist, parliament is through party efforts C D A A B D B C A D C D D B B B B C B C

HOP centralized

late 1800s and early 1900s, power was centralized in hands of speaker of houses

HOP more powerful than senate

early 1800s, leadership centralized under House Speaker Henry Clay

powerful leaders in senate

majority and minority leaders

number of bureaucrats in US govt

has not grown but power has grown

how a country encourages politlca leadership

recruitment of elites

deterrance in nuclear age

strategists perspective-concerned with deterrance, importance of weapon systems, maximize national security, minimize possibility of nuclear war

scholar theory of arms races

Middle range theory - theory of arms races, war and peace, escalation of violence processes, relations between prejudice and national hostility

level of measurement for discreet categories for data

nominal

ordinal categorization example

…

procedures repeatable, yield same readings

reliability

stratified sampling

random sample proportionate to size of sampling unit.

22nd amendment

no one shall be elected more than twice

conflictual political culture

citizens have conflicting views about how government should be run

wealth of nations Adam Smith

specialize and trade-world wealth is enhanced.

effect of buying bonds

buying 10 million in bonds equal to printing 10 million, both “new money”

capital to output ratio

should decrease in order to lead to economic growth

Treasury and Feds at odds with each other

Treasury needs to borrow to finance a debt, and wants low interest rates, but monetary restraint is at odds with this goal.

purchase of bonds by Federal Reserve Bank

increases money supply, because they say for them with money that increases money supply

investment of human capital

expenditures to increase an individual’s earning power, such as money spent to get an education

san diego

third largest city followed by New York and Houston

increase in pop from 1970 to 80

20,000,000

population of US

steadily increased

Mexico natural resources

oil, gold, gas, silver

Canada

2nd largest territory

banana

major crop in South America

climate

overall condition over a period of time

Renaissance Humanism threat

return to original sources of Christianity

Defense of Seven Sacraments

Henry 8 position on seven Sacraments and how it led to salvation

Erasmus of Rotterdam

Praise of Folly critized ambitions of church clergy

Thomas More

Utopia- perfect imaginary world.

six articles of faith

Henrican reaffirmation of catholic theology

Thomas Cranmer

author of forty-two articles of faith protestant doctrines

Peace of Ausburg

religion of leader equaled religion of people.

calvanism

recognized in the peace of Westphalia

Charlees V and papacy

negotiated peace of Ausburg

Price revolution of 16th century

importation of silver and gold into european economy

peace of westphalia

recognized indepedence of Switzerland and Netherlands

counterreformation

not willing to negotiate on issues of theology

sir isacc

Principia 1687 scientism as credible alternative of other methods

Louis VIII

Richelieu was prime minister for him in thirty years war and la rochelle crisis with Hugeunots

Peter the Great

overthrew his sister Sophia

Edict of Fontainbleau

edict of Nantes-Henr IV had to extend religious liberties to French Protestants.

Peter the Greats foreign policy achievement

acquisition of ports on Baltic Sea

Hitler

Greatly reduced unemployment!

St Barthelemeaus Day

murder by catholics of French Huguenots (Calvinist Protestants)

proposal for French government to model after Englands

Montesqueiu in The Spirit of the laws

French Revolution order

Legislative Assembly, Convention, Directory

Thomas Hobbes’ Enlightenment thinker

Voltaire-best form of government despotism (absolute power), government rules people.

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Interested in enlightened government and had a wide range of reforms (censorship, improved edu, etc)

Peterloo Massacre

peaceful protest in England when few people had right to vote-Lord Liverpool passed the Six Acts measures forbiding people from meeting for purposes of governmental reform in 1819

Factory Act of 1833

Alleviated some of the abuses of child labor in the textile industry

anglo-French entente

resolved Anglo-French colonial disputes in Egypt and Morocco-Northeast Africa British, Northwest French.

William Wilberforce

wanted to set slaves free and end the slave trade.

English Utilitarianism

the greatest good for the greatest number.-Bentham, Mill and Stuart

bullionism

economic health of a nation based on quantity of gold and silver-associated with mercantilism and need to maintain a favorable balance of trade

Irish home rule

Irish to rule themselves- Gladstone proposed three times and repeatedly unsuccessful

Balfour declaration

British support for a state for the Jewish people in Israel

Boulanger Crisis

caused by right wing sceme to overthrow the third French Republic and install Geroges Boulanger as leader-supported by onarchists and other rightist enemies of the republic

Elizabeth I plots

Babington plan to assassinate, throckmorton to cut off communication, Ridolfi to assassinate and replace with Mary, Queen of the Scots

Wisbech stirs

quarrel between English Roman Catholic clergy held prisonertowards the end of the reign of Elizabeth I of England. It set the regular clergy represented by the Society of Jesus, who wished for a more ordered communal life in the prison, against some of the secular clergy.

partition of Africa

1914

baroque

Michel de Montaigne was representative of an intellectual movment known as baroque which was a quest for a new synthesis

Hundred Days

Napolean’s failed attempt to restore himself as leader.

Berlin Blockade

response to unification of British, French and America zones in West Germany

heptarchy in Anglo-Saxon states

seven states which were autonomous including Essex, Wessex, Sussex. Kent, East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria

Realistic-Nominalist Controversy

Adelard, Lombard and Magnus were part of this, initiated over Plato’s doctrine of ideas. Was truth obtained through reason reconcilible with truth from revelation.

delian league

escabished in 477 nc after war with Persia. Intended to defend itself against Persia. Later viewed as an Athenian attempt to dominate the Greek world (they grew very rich), defend against crisis of Persian aggression

2nd century Rome

Populares (people’s party), Equites (rich knights), Optimates (best men)-political and economic noble class

1190

Third Crusade, Holy Roman Empire experienced no crusades

Hellenic Kingdoms

Seleucid Asia, Ptolemaic Egypt, Antigonid Macedonia

Kansas-Nebraska

led to formation of Republican Party

US aided Great Britain in WWI

selling destroyers, US navy patrolling atlantic waters, lend-lease act

Thomas Nast

political cartoonist calling out Boss Tweed

Stamp Act Congress

first opportunity for states to meet each other

Compromise of 1850

The south gained by the strengthening of the fugitive slave law, the north gained a new free state, California. Texas lost territory but was compensated with 10 million dollars to pay for its debt. Slave trade was prohibited in Washington DC, but slavery was not.

Kansas-Nebraska Popular Sovereignty

Territory north of the sacred 36°30′ line was now open to popular sovereignty. The North was outraged. The Kansas-Nebraska act made it possible for the Kansas and Nebraska territories (shown in orange) to open to slavery. The Missouri Compromise had prevented this from happening since 1820.

Missouri Compromise

The measures provided for the admission of Maine as a free state along with Missouri as a slave state, thus maintaining the balance of power between North and South in the United States Senate. As part of the compromise, slavery was prohibited north of the 36°30′ parallel, excluding Missouri. President James Monroe signed the legislation on March 6, 1820.[1]

Emanicipation Proclamation

When Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862, England had been threatening to intervene in the American Civil War for over a year. Lincoln’s intent to issue the final document on January 1, 1863, effectively prevented England, which had abolished slavery in its own territories, from stepping into the U.S. conflict.

Hoover during the Great Depression

desired localism and private initiative rather than gov’t intervention, urged nations business leaders to maintain wages and employement, strategy in the end was a failure.

Hiss and Chambers

Hiss accused by Chambers and convicted of perjury for denying under oath he was a communist agent.

Martin Luther King’s strategy

civil disobedience

Cuban Missile Resolution

Soviets remove missiles, and Americans agree not to invade.

blacks resistance to slavery

minor offences like slowing pace of work or breaking tools…uncommon for Underground Railroad, arson, or violent uprisings

populist movement

free silver

Hobbes Leviathian

war of all against all-State of nature-people are politary, poor, nasty, brutish and short

Weapons by confederates

there was no shortage of weapons, but north cut off transportation system at one point that severe shortages of ammunition and weapons developed

Czar’s October manifesto

promised a duma, civil liberties, a Russian parliament, and political forms, but not democratic voting system.

Berlin Wall

built in 1961 and torn down in 1989. Kennedy spoke against it in 1963

Thirty Years war

When catholic forces from southern germany and austria were close to pushing lutheran forces into the baltic sea, the lutheran convert Gustavus Adolphus of Swedwen intervened helping the Lutheran cause

effect of industrial revolution

speed rather than quality of work

1914 indepedent African states

Ethiopia and Liberia, Algeria-france, congo-belgium, angola- portuguese, egypt- British

1930s and 1940s opposing thought of Maynard keyes

Friedrich Hayek

four basic economic activities

production, distribution, manufacturing, service (labor is used in all four activities)

Lincoln’s reelection

Sherman and his men had started a campaign that culminated in the capture of Atlanta on Sept. 2, a victory that probably clinched President Abraham Lincoln’s re-election. But their most recent accomplishments were the destruction and civilian depopulation of Atlanta and other North Georgia towns. Under Sherman’s orders, by the end of September nearly all of Atlanta’s residents had been forcibly removed, although most had no place to go.

Hostage situation

caused because Carter let Shah who was exiled come to USA for cancer treatment on humanitarian grounds. Looked like Americans still supported Shah’s regime.

Cape to Cairo railway

UK proposed this idea as their territories were in Egypt and South Africa

Himilayas

doesn’t go through Bangladesh

slave trade

first banned by Denmark, Britain, Holland, France, then Spain and Portugal

GNP

total goods and services in a year

Office of Management and Budget

makes budget for president to submit to congress.

mark-up sessions

occur in committees and subcommittees

Theodore Roosevelt

big stick policy diplomacy

Newburgh conspiracy

worries at end of revolutionary war that continental congress would disband military without paying their pensions

electric motor not part of industrial rev

Steam and waterpower drove the early machines and the mechanized looms of the Industrial Revolution, and so choice (B) is an important part of that event. Choice (E) is unhistorical, since the electric motor was developed after the First Industrial Revolution; the electricity was often produced by a steam engine. The spinning jenny and flying shuttle were involved in the production of thread and cloth, while the Bessemer process was involved in the production of steel.

19th century liberalist mill

E)Although he was not typical of nineteenth-century liberalism in every respect “” he favored the unions as a means of helping the working class, for example “” John Stuart Mill wrote extensively on politics and is generally considered the most notable nineteenth-century liberal writer. His On Liberty (1859) is one of the most famous defenses of individual rights. The other choices may be quickly eliminated if the identity of the individuals involved is known. As the leader of the British Conservative party in the second half of the nineteenth century, Disraeli opposed many liberal programs. Napoleon III, emperor of France during the 1850s and 1860s, worked to limit one of the major liberal goals, the achievement of true parliamentary government in France. The other choices list lesser-known individuals but are also incorrect. Proudhon was the most famous anarchist of the first half of the nineteenth century, while Fourier was one of the best-known Utopian Socialists of the same period.

1956 attack of Egypt

France and Britain over control of Suez canal

Industrial Revolution

led to Glorious, French and American revolutions, with creation of James Watt’s steam engine

First people to circumnavigate globe

Ferdinand Magellan’s Crew (he was killed in the Philippines) from Portugal in 1521.

Articles of Confederation

unicameral

executive privilege

right to withhold information from congress and the public in case of US vs. Nixon

pork barrel legislation

Special spending projects sponsored by members of Congress for their home states or districts are known as pork barrel legislation

filibuster

attempt in the Senate to talk a bill to death by preventing it from coming up for a vote.

logrolling

used to designate vote-swapping by members of Congress for special projects. (I’ll vote for your bill if you vote for my bill

Glorious Revolution

James the 2nd assumed Charles’ power. James was catholic, English wanted Protestant. Promised to keep status quo (dissolved parliament). English had laws against catholics, James used dispensing power and appointed catholic supporters to high position. Parliament and bishops angry. James suddenly had a son suddenly James Edward Stuart. He would be Catholic. Angered took action. Wrote a letter to dutch head of state who would invade England, wanted to restore protestantism and free elections . Government split-have to keep have to exclude James from being leader. His successor was a protestant in Dutch. Holy Roman Empire promised to protect Dutch Republic so he left for England. William and Mary were crowned after he left. Passed bill of rights. no more absolute monarchy, banned catholics from inheriting throne, Louis 14 opposed to invasion, started the 9 years war. Irish also supported James so they started rebelling against william’s rule. James came back to retake thrown, but with Wilhelms popular support defeated James. People still felt James had right to thrown, led to two additional wars.

elitist view of politics

stresses that the policy-making process is dominated by a small, unrepresentative minority. In The Power Elite, published in 1956, the American sociologist C. Wright Mills argued that corporate leaders, top military officers, and key political leaders dominated American politics.

FDR good neighbor

retreat from the military interventionism and blatant economic domination which had characterized previous American policy toward Latin America, create new free trade opportunities for America, ends when Yalta conference begins and US realizes communism is a threat.

Monroe Doctrine

US beginning to industrialize, new markets and want Latin America to be our territory and keep west europe out of American colonialism.

All-African People’s Conference

In December 1958, Kwame Nkrumah invited representatives from nationalist movements in 28 territories still under colonial rule to meet in Accra for the first. Nkrumah had often stated that once Ghana attained independence, it would be his goal to lead the rest of the African continent to freedom and unity. Ghana achieved independence on March 6, 1957, and he attempted to fulfill the second part of his objective the next year in 1958.

Chinese dynasty ended

1911

The Republican Party, formed in Ripon, Wisconsin in 1854, developed a party platform that included support for a movement advocating

In 1846, a Pennsylvania congressman named David Wilmot proposed a bill that prohibited slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico, and this concept soon became known as “free soil.” In 1854, as the Whig Party was collapsing over its inability to come to terms with the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Republican Party was formed with former Whigs, northern Democrats, and members of the short-lived Free Soil Party.

NAFTA

Mexico City is biggest city by far.

Presidents limit of powers

CAN NOT introduce legislation in either house of congress.

1. He is directly elected by people.
2. Presidential powers expanded in Korematsu vs. USA
3. High public ratings=legislation pushed through congress.
4. Has veto power

civil servants can resist presidential initiatives because

Nearly all civil servants have jobs that are, practically speaking, beyond reach of the president. The only reasons for which a federal civil servant can be fired are misconduct or poor performance, and then only if the person’s supervisor is willing to invest a great deal of time and effort. Civil servants cannot be fired for political reasons. This gives civil servants the opportunity to thwart or delay presidential initiatives by half-hearted compliance or passive noncompliance with presidential directives.

Gramm-Rudman Act

In 1985, Congress passed act with the intent to balance the federal budget by 1992. The law created a plan whereby the budget deficit for each year from 1986 through 1991 could not exceed a specified, declining amount

FDIC or federal bank account insurance

was part of the New Deal to restore confidence in banks, not stocks.

“I think, therefore I am”

Descartes: searches for absolute certainty by using a method of systematic doubt. Rejecting the certainty of all knowledge but the knowledge that a thinking process was occurring, he believed that he had established one certain fact his own existence. Rules for the Direction of the Mind is his book. Only follows logic, NOT god. Also wrote Discourse of the Method.

intendants

their work to strengthen the French absolute monarchs, royal ministers Cardinals Mazarin and Richelieu placed government agent in areas throughout France, where they acted as both the “king’s ears”

Swahili word

ujamaa means socialism

Yellow River

about 2,700 miles long, runs west to east across China, bringing in the summer heavy deposits of yellow silt which give the river its name. The river enters the Pacific Ocean near the Shandong Peninsula. The nickname “China’s Sorrow”
Score Overview
Multiple Choice Section
Your AnswerCorrect Answer

parts of the political system in the United States utilize laws and bureaucratic rules to define who has what kind of power and authority over whom

legal-rational: type of authority based on rules and laws.

characterizing economy over last few decades

Union membership peaked in the 1950s at 35 percent of the workforce and has declined steadily to about 13.5 percent today. (A) is wrong because corporate concentration has become even greater than a few decades ago. (B) is wrong because market forces are at least as powerful as a few decades ago. (C) is incorrect because the economic sphere is probably more important to the power elite than in the past. (E) is wrong because the industrial sector has been declining as a proportion of the economy.

excellent harbors

Despite its extensive coastline, Sub-Saharan Africa doesn’t have this, which can be defined as a natural body of water that has: (1) a sufficient depth to allow large ships to anchor there; and (2) strong protection in the form of a land mass.

Hamilton’s efforts

number of important steps, including establishing a national bank, assuming state and national debt, creating a tariff and a whiskey tax, and establishing a patent office. He did not, however, put the U.S. currency on any type of gold standard.

Order of Revolutions

The Glorious Revolution was initiated in 1688-89, the French Revolution in 1789, the Russian Revolution in 1917, and the Iranian (Islamic) Revolution in 1978-79

In a single-member district, plurality vote system

the candidate with the most votes represents the district.

Democratic National Party Convention does not

selects the state party chairmen, states do that.

It determines the national party platform.
It nominates the party’s candidate for president.
It has “super delegates”
It sets the time and place for the next national convention.

paternalist view of slavery

slavery was necessary to protect blacks from the mistreatment and abuse they would receive if they were freed. blacks were inferior, mentally weak and ignorant, requiring “protection”

Huckleberry Finn

Realism

Britain’s empire

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Sudan)
Basutoland (Lesotho)
Balleland (Benin)
Bechuanaland (Botswana)
British East Africa (Kenya)
British Somaliland (northern Somalia)
British Togoland (eastern Ghana)
British Cameroons (split between Nigeria and Cameroon)
British Egypt
Khedivate of Egypt
Sultanate of Egypt
Kingdom of Egypt
Gambia Colony and Protectorate
Gold Coast (Ghana)
Colonial Nigeria
Niger Coast Protectorate
Northern Nigeria Protectorate
Southern Nigeria Protectorate
Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)
Nyasaland (Malawi)
Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate
South Africa
British Cape Colony
Colony of Natal
Orange Free State
Transvaal Colony
South-West Africa (Namibia)
Walvis Bay
Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
Swaziland
Tanganyika Territory (mainland Tanzania)
Uganda Protectorate
Sultanate of Zanzibar (insular Tanzania)

France

France
Albreda (in Gambia)
Dahomey (Benin)
French Algeria
French Cameroons (91% of modern Cameroon)
French Chad
French Congo (Republic of Congo)
French Guinea (Guinea)
French Upper Volta (Republic of Upper Volta, Burkina Faso)
French Somaliland (Djibouti)
French Sudan (Mali)
French Togoland (Togo)
Gabon
Ivory Coast (Côte d’Ivoire)
Malagasy Protectorate
Colonial Mauritania
French protectorate in Morocco (89% of Morocco)
Niger
Oubangui-Chari (Central African Republic)
Senegambia and Niger(
Upper Senegal and Niger
Colony of Niger
French protectorate of Tunisia

Germany

German East Africa (Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania)
German South-West Africa (Namibia)
Kamerun (split between Cameroon and Nigeria)
Togoland (split between Togo and Ghana)
Wituland

Italy

Italian East Africa
Italian Ethiopia
Italian Eritrea
Italian Somaliland
Italian Libya

Portugal

Ajuda (Whydah, in Benin)
Angola
Annobon
Cabinda
Cape Verde
Ceuta
Gorée (in Senegal)
Malindi
Mombasa
Algarve Ultramar (Morocco)
Agadir
Alcacer Ceguer
Arzila
Azamor
Mazagan
Mogador
Safim
Nigeria (Lagos area)
Mozambique
Portuguese Gold Coast (settlements along coast of Ghana)
Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau)
Quíloa
São Tomé and Príncipe
Tangier
Zanzibar
Ziguinchor

Spain

Bona
Bougie
Jerba
Fernando Po and Annobon (insular Equatorial Guinea)
Oran
Port Guinea
Rio Muni (mainland Equatorial Guinea)
Spanish North Africa
Spanish Protectorate in Morocco
Spanish West Africa

Nethrerlands

Arguin Island (in Mauritania)
Dutch Cape Colony
Dutch Gold Coast (settlements along coast of Ghana, including El Mina)
Dutch Loango-Angola (Luanda, Sonyo and Cabinda)
Gorée (Senegal)
Moçambique (Delagoa Bay)
São Tomé
South Africa

Belgium

Belgian Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Lado Enclave
Ruanda-Urundi (Rwanda and Burundi)

Bangladesh

Became a nation on March 26, 1971.

Williams Jennings Bryan Cross of Gold Speech

a staunch defender of farmers’ rights, delivered his “Cross of Gold” speech to a somewhat desperate Democratic Party, which had been searching for an identity after being blamed for the Panic of 1893. A key political issue of the day was whether the U.S. currency should be backed by silver or gold. Whereas most Republicans favored gold, Democrats were somewhat divided between backing gold or silver. By their 1896 national convention, however, the Democrats had attracted Bryan from the Populist Party and adopted a pro-silver, anti-gold stance. In brief, Bryan argued that indebted farmers would benefit from the inflation caused by a silver-backed money supply, which would grow more quickly than it would if it were backed by gold. The logic was as follows: since the supply of silver was more plentiful than the supply of gold, inflation would develop throughout the United States and allow farmers to pay back their outstanding debts in lesser-valued dollars.

Factory orders of WWII

A common misconception is that FDR’s New Deal policies, including many job creation programs, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), were enough to end the Great Depression and bring down the unemployment rate to pre-depression levels. The primary reason that drove unemployment to below 5% were the massive factory orders associated with World War II.

Marco Polo in Kublai Khan’s Court

The Venetian merchant and explorer Marco Polo arrived at the court of Kublai Khan in 1275. The grandson of Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in China in 1271 and ruled until his death in 1294. After Marco Polo returned from China to Venice, he was imprisoned for a short period by the Genoese (who were at war with the Venetians). While in prison, he told the tales of his travels to another prisoner, who wrote down these elaborate stories. In time, these stories were published in a book, The Tales of Marco Polo. This book excited the imaginations of many Europeans, especially the explorers who set off in search of fame and riches during the so-called Age of Exploration.

non-denominational prayers in schools

the Court declared in Engel v. Vitale, 1962, that a nondenominational prayer written by New York officials for recitation in public schools at the beginning of each school day was unconstitutional.

The Constitution

a direct popular vote for members of the House of Representatives. -Direct popular vote means that the general public votes on the item and that vote immediately determines the outcome of the election or issue.

Compromise of 1787

The Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut Compromise, occurred at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. It was a compromise between two plans known as the Virginia, or Large State Plan, and the New Jersey, or Small State Plan. It provided for a Senate in which each state would receive two senators, and a House of Representatives in which representation would be based on population.

Fourteen Points

n January 1918, Woodrow Wilson proposed Fourteen Points which enunciated his goals for the peace that would follow World War I. These were idealistic goals based on notions of open diplomacy, the elimination of secret treaties, self-determination, arms reduction, open trade, and a League of Nations to serve as an international forum to prevent future wars. The thrust of the Fourteen Points emphasized fairness and openness in international relationships. By November 1918, the Germans faced military and political collapse, but they approached an armistice with the Allies convinced that the postwar treaty would be a fair one based upon Wilson’s Fourteen Points. They reasoned that since the United States had turned the tide and saved France and Britain from almost certain defeat, the United States would dominate the peace negotiations. Unfortunately, they reasoned incorrectly and the Treaty of Versailles reflected British and French desires for vengeance more than it reflected the Wilsonian principles elucidated in his Fourteen Points.

Fashoda Crisis

imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa, occurring in 1898. A French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan.

independence of African Nations

Liberia has been an independent state since its founding in 1847. Tanzania (B) achieved independence in 1964, Sierre Leone (C) in 1961, Gambia (D) in 1965, and Ghana (E) in 1957.
Score Overview
Multiple Choice Section
Your AnswerCorrect Answer

birth rates

Research shows that, as economic development (industrialization, urbanization, higher levels of education) expands, birth rates tend to decline.

Berlin Conference

sub-saharan conquest of Africa

Leaders of Soviet union

first Trotsky and Lenin, then Stalin

Angkor Wat

Hindu Temple

Napoleanic Wars

When World War I broke out during the summer of 1914, it had been approximately 100 years since the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

judicial restraint

The tendency of judges to interpret the Constitution in light of the original intent of its framers

bills

The vast majority of bills never make it out of committee to the floor of the chamber. Many are introduced by a member only to get publicity, or so the member can tell constituents that (s)he did something about the matter

President’s powers

A president may not veto particular items in a bill (I). Such a power is called a line-item veto, and is held by 43 governors in the United States. A president may not pocket-veto a bill by holding it 10 days while Congress is in session (II). In such a case the bill becomes law without the president’s signature. If Congress adjourns during the 10-day period, the bill is pocket-vetoed. The only true statement is III, the president’s veto can be overridden if two-thirds of both houses vote to pass the bill despite the veto.

Corruption in Grant’s administration

Grant was an intensely loyal man who was, sadly, not the best judge of character in choosing his administrative appointees. During his first term in office, his administration was beset with financial scandals involving the vice president, Grant’s brother-in-law, and a well-known financial entrepreneur named Jay Gould. In his second term, the “whiskey ring”

“If your neighbor’s house was on fire, and he didn’t have a garden hose, wouldn’t it make sense to let him use your hose to fight the fire so the fire could be put out before it spread to your house?”

lend-lease act

Calvanism, Lutheranism, Anabaptism

Luther himself was forced to rely on sympathetic members of the nobility of the Holy Roman Empire in order to defend Lutheranism against the Holy Roman Emperor. Calvinism held special appeal for the new middle class, particularly business elements. Anabaptism drew most of its membership from the peasantry in western Germany and the Low Countries.

Treaty of Nanjing

The first Opium War, which ran from 1839 to 1842, began when the Chinese government, in an attempt to stop the trade of opium with the British, seized millions of dollars worth of opium from traders in Canton. In 1839 the British declared war to regain the opium market and other lucrative trading rights. The Opium War ended in 1842 with the Treaty of Nanjing, the first of what China dubbed her “unequal treaties” opened chinese ports and ceded hong kong to uk

countries which don’t have indigenous population

Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the colony of Jamestown

The Virginia Company of London was based in London, not Massachusetts. It had a charter to colonize American land between the Hudson and Cape Fear rivers. The other Virginia Company was the Virginia Company of Plymouth, which was based in the American colony of Plymouth, Massachusetts. It had a charter to colonize North America between the Potomac River and the northern boundary of Maine. Both Virginia Companies were joint-stock companies, which had often been used by England for trading with other countries.

Cortez

destroyed Mayans and gave them smallpox.

French and Indian War

When France’s expansion into the Ohio River valley brought repeated conflict with the claims of the British colonies, a series of battles led to the official British declaration of war in 1756. Boosted by the financing of future Prime Minister William Pitt, the British turned the tide with victories at Louisbourg, Fort Frontenac and the French-Canadian stronghold of Quebec. At the 1763 peace conference, the British received the territories of Canada from France and Florida from Spain, opening the Mississippi Valley to westward expansion. Did not contribute to revolution.

dispatch riders in revolution

William Dawes and Paul Revere

Tea Act of 1773

The British East India Company was suffering financially because Americans were buying tea smuggled from Holland.
Parliament granted concessions to the British East India Company to ship tea straight to America, bypassing England.
American colonists refused to buy less expensive tea from the British East India Company on the principle of taxation.

Not True: Colonists found that even with added taxes, tea directly shipped by the British East India Company cost less, and they bought it.

formation of new state governments

Massachusetts did set a valuable example for other states by stipulating that its constitution should be created via a special convention rather than via the legislature. This way, the constitution would take precedence over the legislature, which would be subject to the rules of the constitution.

Louisiana Purchase

increased land by 100 percent. Doubled size of nation. Orignally just planned ot buy only New Orleans but Napolean offered to sell the entire territory. Jefferson’s strict belief in constitution required approval to buy.

James Smith and John Rolfe

It is not true that John Smith’s governance helped Jamestown more than John Rolfe’s discovery that a certain type of East Indian tobacco could be grown in Virginia. Smith’s strong leadership from 1608-1609 gave great support to the struggling colony. However, when Smith’s return to England left Jamestown without this support, the future of the colony was again in question. In 1612, however, when John Rolfe found that an East Indian tobacco strain popular in Europe could be farmed in Virginia, the discovery gave Jamestown and Virginia a lucrative crop. Therefore, both Smith’s time in office and Rolfe’s discovery were beneficial to Jamestown.

The Spanish Armada (Spanish: Grande y Felicísima Armada, literally “Great and Most Fortunate Navy”)

was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in late May 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England. The strategic aim was to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and her establishment of Protestantism in England, with the expectation that this would put a stop to English interference in the Spanish Netherlands and to the harm caused to Spanish interests by English and Dutch privateering. England won decisively.

Amendments

Land for England

John Cabot (Canada)

Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire were disintegrated

WWI

Social psychology, sociology and anthropology have what in common?

study how people live and work in groups

dominant languages in ME

Persian and Arabic

writ of habeus corpus

Which of the following is NOT one of the United Nations four main purposes?

eliminate all weapons of mass destruction

Olympics

Olympia, 776

geographical techniques

Systematic, regional, descriptive, and analytical

treaty of tordesillas

John Cabot

Northwest Passage

virginia company of london and plymouth

Virginia company of London

Samuel de Champlain

Dutch trading outposts

Manhattan Island and Present Day Albany

Henry Hudson

discovered Hudson River

England

puritans and separatists

William Bradford

Massachusetts Bay Company

Charles one persecuted Puritans, must follow god,Roger Williams was a dissident, left colony and founded Providence, separation of church and state there

Anne Hutchison

taught info contrary to beliefs of Puritans, went to discover Portsmouth, RI with his people. Father was Anglican. Married William Hutchinson. Belief in god, not laws and rules. Believed women should’ve been their own. Vocal about beliefs. Works do not equal salvation. Chosen people of god could recognize each other. John Winthrop VERY anxious about her. She was banned from Boston. Moved to Bronx, was killed by Indians, people called it God’s judgment. Where the Hutch comes from!

Carolinas

Named after King Charles I by King Charles II

Navigation Acts

Quakers

inner light, less emphasis on Bible, pacifists

early groups

Scots, Irish, British, Germans

James Oglethorpe

Georgia

Treaty of Paris of 1763 (Seven Year’s War-French and Indian War)

British got Canada and East of Mississippi and France got NOTHING

From war with France (George Greenville was the leader

poor, needed to pay for war from colonists
1. sugar act- taxes on imports by Americans
2. stamp act- all paper had stamps to be paid for, a drain on American currency.

Stamp Act Congress

no tax without rep, also got states officials to know each other and a chance to chill

Lord Rockingham’s Declaratory Act

cancelled, stamp act, however, power to tax americans whatsoever

Townshend

followed Rockingham, passed a series of taxes called Townshend Duties

PM Lord North

repealed all taxes but tea tax, just to prove it could tax them

Tea Act of 1773

British Est India Company allowed ship tea directly to colonies rather than only by british, cheaper than smuggled Dutch Tea. Americans resisted cheaper tea.

Thomas Hutchinson

stopped tea ships from leaving Hrbor. BTP. Consequneces: Threw tea in harbor. Coercive Acts: port of of Boston closed. Governmnet lost power, Brits could quarter troops anywhere they wanted.

Concord

Gage Gernal destroyed colnial arms and ammunication at Concord.

Second Continental congress

new england: declare independence, middle colonies: not go so far

Dec of Ind

Work of Thomas Jefferson of VA. Adopted July 4, 1776.

hessian

German mercenary fighting for the British

Treaty of Paris of 1783

US independent declaration, west boundary at MI river, North boundary of Florida, Britain retained Canada, creditors free to colect debts, Congress restore confiscated loyalist property

by 1777

10 states had constitutions

checks and balances

reflective of selfishness of man, a unanimous idea at meeting in Philadelphia in 1787.

three fifths compromise

apportioning representation and taxation on states 3/5 slaves counted

presidency

control foreign policy, veyo, could impeach, four years and reeclecatble, electoral college. If no one had majority, chosen by HOP. 1788, nine ratified constitution, two did not. after proposing bill of rights, changed their minds. Washington president in 1789.

federalists/antifederalistcs

constitution supporters and centralized power, versus not supporters

executive branch depts

state, treasury, and war

Judiciary act of 1789

six justices, power to rule constitutional valid of state laws

Hamilton

fuding of national debt, esstablishment of national bank, government given all powers not purposely denied to it., called federalists

Thomas Jefferson

Sec of state beleived Hamiltons idea would enrich a small elite group.

Jefferson and Madison

strict interpretation of constitution, if something not permitted, then prohibited

France war with Europe

US neutrality

Pickney treaty

Spanish opened mississippi river to america traffic and northern boundary of Florida

Whiskey rebellion

Washington sent militia to stop protestors who didnt wanna pay tax. showed power of young govt.

election of 1798

federalist majority in houses of congress, alient act, hurdles in path of immigrants, sedition act couldnt speak against govt

John Adams

appointed John Marshall as chief justice to guarantee federalist principles before Jefferson took office-midnight appointments

Jeffersonian Era

agrarian utopia with little govt influence, nation growing industiralized and urban

LA Purchase

15 million in april 1803, no authority to buy more han the city of New Orleans

war of 1812

was an armed conflict between the United States and the British Empire. The British restricted the American trade since they feared it was harmful for their war with France and they also wanted to set up an Indian state in the Midwest in order to maintain their influence in the region. That’s why 10,000 Native Americans fought on the side of the British in this war. Since Canada was a British colony back then, Canadians were also British allies. The Americans objected to the British Empire restricting their trade and snatching their sailors to serve on British ships. They were also eager to prove their independence from the British Empire once and for all.

Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817

no armed fleets on Great Lakes

Adams-Onis Treaty

Spain sell Florida territory to USA

Gibbons vs. Ogden

only congress has right to regulate commerce

Jackson

veto power used than any president before. beginning of two party system. Mass conventions for nominating candidates

War on Bank of US

Jackson vetoed Nicholas Biddle’s conservative bank

William Lloyd Garrison and Theodore Weld

opposed slavery- Wrote the Liberator-wanted emancipation-new party called liberty party fought for free soil (nonexpansion of slavery in new territories)

1830

number of patents doubled

cotton

particularly easy to grow in deep south rich soil

northern states at beginning of civil war

81 percent of factory capacity

American missionaries

Oregon fever, of 1840s, people trekked out there to live

James Polk

Jacksonian, admitted Texas to union in 1845. Oregon treaty-territory extended by treaty with British. War with mexico ceded southwest territory from Texas to Cali coast, new question of slavery in new territories

Reciprocity Treaty

`Pierce opened Canada to more trade with USA

Commodore Matthew Perry

opened Japan to American commerce

Gadsden Purchase from Mexico

provide a route for transcontinental railroad

Harriet Beacher Stowe

uncle tom’s cabin, deipicted evils of slavery, turned people against slavery.

John Brown

Raided arsenal of Harpers Ferry inciting a violent slave uprising, was convicted and murdered. seen as martyr in the north and criminal by Lincoln and the south. Lincoln won north in 3 party election.

Confederate states of America

Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Montgomery meeting, Jefferson Davis president, slavery recognized, single six year term of president, line item veto allowed, state sovereignty recognized. Later, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, and Arkansas declared succession .

McClellan/ Stonewall Jackson

war hero in north and war hero in south (who was shot by one of his own men)

Alaska

purchased in 1867 for 7 mill

economy between 1860-1894

became largest, abundence of iron oil and coal, steel industry, electrical energy

booker t washington

vocational school about balcks

interstate commerce act

oversee fair and just railway rates, end discriminatory practice, and look for financial statements

American Fed of Labor

Samuel Gompers skilled labor union

Sherman Antitrust Act

break up trusts

B,aine

secretary of state opposed to military intervention in the hemisphere

populist party

agrarian, coinage of silver to gold, federal loans to farmers, immigration restriction, eight hour workday, use of secret ballot, right of initiative and referendum, William Jennings Bryan elected their candidate…lost election to McKinley and lost influence. Lost three times !!!! Tried to make teaching of evolution illegal

LABOUR strike

all ended by force

Anti-saloon league

against drunkenness, promoted prohibition

yellow journalism

sensationalist newpaper highlighting Cubans

Sino-Japanese war

colonialization potential, US created China open doors policy helping China’s independence

Cuba

Platt Amendment-US a protectorate, could not make a treaty impairing independence, could not get a public debt. allowed to leave naval base 99 years, could preserve order there.

William McKinley

assassinated in Buffalo New York, Theodore Roosevelt took over. Roosevelt did much to encourage trust busting

Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty

US control of Panama Canal

Roosevelt Corollary

right to intervene in affairs of Latin America to keep European power from using military force to collect debts in WH

Taft-Katsura Memo

Japanese protectorate over Korea, maintain open door policy in China

Gentleman’s agreement with Japan

stop emigration of unskilled Japanese due to racial discrimination

sixteenth amendment

graduated income tax ( Wilson)

seventeenth amendment

direct election of senators (Wilson)

Federal Trade Commission

investigagte unfair business practices

WEB Dubois

founded Niagara Movement for racial equality and full rights of citizenship. NAACP created in 1909

IWW

promoting violence and revolution. strikes in textile industry, after Red Scare, deported.

Taft

Dollar diplomacy-American investments would encourage economic, social and political stability. Just an ILLUSION.

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

lost value of dollar, creates money out of nothing. 12 regions-fed reserve in each region. Backed by commercial paper and 40 percent gold.

Wilson’s cabinet

segregated workers with no objection, WEB Dubois pissed, vetoed literacy test for immigrants

Wilson

VERY INVOLVED IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS

Espionage Act

provided for fines and imprisonment for people who made false statements which aided the enemy or obstructed recruitment of the draft

Sedition Act

forbid criticism of government flag and uniform

wartime employment

new jobs for mexicans and african americans in war industries

1920

majority of Americans lived in urban areas (51 percent). Suburbs grew. Birth control promoted by Margaret Sanger, although illegal. Divorce laws liberalized. Rates of pay for women lower. Migration of blacks to cities. Held low paying jobs, confined to segregated areas of the city.

Marcus Garvey

wanted blacks to create a new nation in Africa (repatriation), wanted to uplift them, founded UNIA, create Black Star Line to send blacks back to Africa, convicted of mail fraud, moved to London after imprisonment, prophet of Rastafari religion and national hero in Jamaica

Lost generation disgusted with materialism

Ernest Hemingway, F Scott Fitzgerald, Exra Pound, and TS Eliot, moved to Europe-hopes and dreams crushed by war, Americans moved to France, felt they had more artistic freedom (The sun also rises)

eighteenth amendement

prohibition

Sacco and Venzetti

targets of anti-radical immigration, arrested for armed robbery, weak evidence of crime, appeals denied, in 1927, they were condemned and were electrocuted despite many protests.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Under Harding: oil reserves only for US navy. Albert Fall secretary of interior. Was given money to steal oil by Mammoth oil corporations, let them drill for oil. Fall went to jail

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

raised duties on imports

Federal Home Loan Act

avoid foreclosures by making home-loan banks

twenty-first amendment

repealed prohibition

FDR

passed many pieces of legislation in first 100 days of New Deals, setting a precedent. Emergency banking relief act: provided funds for banks from federal reserve, encouraged people to deposit money in banks, Glass-Steagall Act, FDIC, insure individual deposits in banks, Home Owners Loan Corp: refinanced loans, gave money to one million home owners. Devalued currency. Federal emergy releif: 500 million to aid the poor., social security act and unemployment benefits began. Supreme court overturned legislation, tried to pass Judicial Reorganization bill, allowing presidnet to name new federal judge for judges who would not retire by 70 and a half. not popular!!

Dawes Act

assimilation of Indians into society. break up of reservations. 2/3 of land committed to indians taken by 1932. Indian Reorganization act to give lands back.

Neutrality legislation

Act of 1935- war by foreign nations, no weapons, 1936-prohibit loans when war exists, 1937-is this civil war a threat to world peace? No weapons!

Pearl Harbor

Wanted to destroy US fleet , US declared war on Japan, Germany and Italy declared war on USA.

1942

formed UN promising not to make peace with common enemies

Battle of Midway

turning point in Pacific where America won

Truman doctrine

supporting nations possibly weak to communism

Marshall plan

European recovery after the war

Pacts

NATO US Canada Britain and nine European nations, Soviet formed Warsaw Treaty organization including Eastern block countries

Geneva Accords

Vietnam divided at 17th parallel. North Communist, south free market

1964 civil right acts

outlawed racial discrimination by employers and unions, elimated restrictions on black voting

medicare and medicaid

Johnson’s efforts

Martin Luther king

Earl Ray in Memphis killed him, riots ensued in 100 cities

Betty Friedan

Feminine Mystique, middle class women stifled fought for equal employment opportunities and equal pay

detente

relaxing of tensions between China and USA when admitted them to UN.

Watergate Scandal

burglars funded by Richard Nixon’s re-election campaign, Nixon recorded all conversations in oval office, stealing private information to prop up his re-election

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